Justia Federal District Court Opinions

The United States filed an information charging appellant Radue in count one with willfully failing to make an income tax return and in count two with willfully failing to supply required information on IRS form 1040, both in violation of 26 U.S.C. Sec. 7203 (1970).¹ At the arraignment, Radue waived counsel and entered a plea of not guilty. The trial resulted in a jury verdict of guilty as to both counts, and accordingly the judge sentenced Radue to concurrent terms of one year on each of the two counts. We affirm.

The contentions raised in this pro se appeal are expressed in a somewhat disjointed and imprecise manner.² Nevertheless, after an exacting scrutiny of the briefs filed, we have endeavored to identify these contentions and characterize them as follows. First, that because the government alleged income in the criminal information in the amount of $13,237 and only proved that Radue had an income of $12,793.14, there was a fatal variance between the pleading and proof. Second, that the two counts pleaded in the information were duplicitous. Third, that the judgment and conviction must fail because the jury was unconstitutionally impanelled. Fourth, that the criminal information itself was unconstitutional and void, because it was unverified. Fifth, the criminal prosecution itself was illegal because it was not preceded by some form of administrative action. And finally, the trial court committed numerous errors in its instructions to the jury.

Radue's most substantial contention is the second, namely that the two counts contained in the information were duplicitous. Because Radue filed a blank form 1040 as a protest, the government was faced with a dilemma. Since a "blank" 1040 form does not constitute a return, see United States v. Douglass, 476 F.2d 260 (5th Cir. 1973), the government could elect to prosecute for failure to file. Conversely, since a blank form obviously omits certain information, the government could elect to prosecute for failure to supply information. The government resolved the dilemma by including both counts in the information. In view of the sentence imposed by the trial court, we reject Radue's contention under the concurrent sentence doctrine, see Harabayashi v. United States, 320 U.S. 81, 85, 63 S.Ct. 1375, 1378, 87 L.Ed. 1774, 1778 (1943); United States v. Cawley and Wiggs, 481 F.2d 702, 711 (5th Cir. 1973); United States v. Payne, 467 F.2d 828, 831 (5th Cir. 1972).

The other contentions raised on appeal lack merit. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

Affirmed.