%PDF-1.3 %% %%Page: 1 1 4 0 obj << /Length 5 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 156 664.5 Tm /F1 13 Tf 100 Tz 88.1395 -8.4 Td 1.3 Tw 0 Tc (FOR PUBLICATION) Tj /F1 15 Tf 100 Tz -78.2395 -24 Td 1.5 Tw (UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS) Tj 43.47 -16 Td (FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz -53.37 -18 Td 1.2 Tw () Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw 0 0 Td 183.8 0 Td /F3 20 Tf 100 Tz -2.18 -17.6 Td 2 Tw () Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz -181.62 -2.8 Td 1.2 Tw (C) Tj /F2 8.4 Tf 101.1 Tz .79 Tw (ATHLEEN) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.2 Tw ( P) Tj /F2 8.4 Tf 101.1 Tz .79 Tw (ARRA) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.2 Tw (,) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz 80.988 -13.2 Td (Plaintiff-Appellant,) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz 134.082 -6.6 Td (No. 04-57046) Tj -132.57 -11.4 Td (v.) Tj 144.234 -6.6 Td (D.C. No.) Tj /F3 20 Tf 100 Tz -45.114 -7.9 Td 2 Tw () Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz -181.62 -3.5 Td 1.2 Tw (M) Tj /F2 8.4 Tf 101.1 Tz .79 Tw (ICHAEL) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.2 Tw ( J. A) Tj /F2 8.4 Tf 101.1 Tz .79 Tw (STRUE) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.2 Tw (,*) Tj 206.004 -1.8 Td (CV-04-03604-CT) Tj -206.004 -11.4 Td (Commissioner of the Social) Tj 224.34 -6.6 Td (OPINION) Tj -224.34 -6.6 Td (Security Administration,) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz 75.024 -13.2 Td (Defendant-Appellee.) Tj /F3 20 Tf 100 Tz 106.596 -8.8 Td 1.6 Ts 2 Tw () Tj 0 Ts /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz -142.878 -26.2 Td 1.2 Tw (Appeal from the United States District Court) Tj 21.438 -13.2 Td (for the Central District of California) Tj -22.236 -13.2 Td (Carolyn Turchin, Magistrate Judge, Presiding) Tj 36.924 -26.2 Td (Submitted February 5, 2007**) Tj 24.876 -13.2 Td (Pasadena, California) Tj -3.54 -26.2 Td (Filed March 23, 2007) Tj -86.892 -26.2 Td (Before: Cynthia) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw (Holcomb) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw (Hall, Diarmuid) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw (F.) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw (O'Scannlain,) Tj 36.492 -13.2 Td (and Consuelo) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw (M.) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw (Callahan, Circuit) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw (Judges.) Tj 47.898 -26.2 Td (Opinion by Judge Hall) Tj ET Q q 1 0 0 1 156 664.5 cm 0 G .9 w 0 -65.95 m 183.8 -65.95 l s 1.2 w 186.6 -116.9 m 186.6 -73.8 l s 1.2 w 186.6 -177 m 186.6 -133.9 l s .9 w 0 -183.95 m 183.3 -183.95 l s Q q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 156 214.9 Tm /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz 148.5 -1 Td 1.2 Tw 0 Tc () Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw /F2 10 Tf 100 Tz -138.5 -26 Td 1.38 Tw (*Michael J. Astrue, Commissioner of the Social Security Administra-) Tj -10 -11.2 Td 1 Tw (tion, is substituted for his predecessor. Fed. R. App. P. 43\(c\)\(2\). ) Tj 10 -14 Td .88 Tw (**This panel unanimously finds this case suitable for decision without) Tj -10 -11.2 Td 1 Tw (oral argument. ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 100 Tz (See ) Tj /F2 10 Tf 100 Tz (Fed. R. App. P. 34\(a\)\(2\). ) Tj ET Q q 1 0 0 1 156 214.9 cm 0 G .5 w 0 -12.75 m 300 -12.75 l s Q q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 295 -664.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (3433) Tj ET Q endstream endobj 5 0 obj 2981 endobj 3 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 10 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F1 6 0 R /F2 7 0 R /F3 8 0 R /F4 9 0 R >> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 4 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 2 2 12 0 obj << /Length 13 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm /F1 12 Tf 100 Tz 120.996 -27.6 Td 1.2 Tw 0 Tc (COUNSEL) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz -120.996 -26.2 Td (Andrew Koenig, Ventura, California, for the appellant. ) Tj 0 -26.2 Td 2.76 Tw (Liz Noteware, Assistant Regional Counsel, Social Security) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 1.2 Tw (Administration, San Francisco, California, for the appellee.) Tj ET Q q 1 0 0 1 156 643.5 cm 0 G .5 w 0 -8.15 m 300 -8.15 l s .5 w 0 -117.95 m 300 -117.95 l s Q q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 156 -136.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (3436) Tj 111.8105 0 Td (P) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ARRA) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (STRUE) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 156 -140.25 m 456 -140.25 l s Q endstream endobj 13 0 obj 817 endobj 11 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 10 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F1 6 0 R /F2 7 0 R >> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 12 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 3 3 15 0 obj << /Length 16 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm /F1 12 Tf 100 Tz 123.666 -8.4 Td 1.2 Tw 0 Tc (OPINION) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz -123.666 -26 Td (HALL, Senior Circuit Judge: ) Tj 12 -26 Td .58 Tw (In 1996, Congress amended the Social Security Act to pre-) Tj -12 -13 Td .87 Tw (clude an award of disability benefits if drug or alcohol abuse) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .08 Tw (is ) Tj (a contributing factor material to the Commissioner's deter-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 7.75 Tw (mination that the individual is disabled.) Tj ( 42 U.S.C.) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .62 Tw () Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj .62 Tw (423\(d\)\(2\)\(C\). In this appeal, we confront an issue explicitly) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .57 Tw (left open by our prior opinions, namely which party bears the) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .14 Tw (burden of proof on this substance abuse issue. Consistent with) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .66 Tw (other circuits that have considered this question, we hold that) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.55 Tw (when evidence exists of a claimant's drug or alcohol abuse,) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.96 Tw (the claimant bears the burden of proving that his substance) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.22 Tw (abuse is not a material contributing factor to his disability.) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.63 Tw (Because this claimant failed to carry that burden, we affirm) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.2 Tw (the Commissioner's denial of benefits.) Tj /F1 12 Tf 100 Tz 108.492 -26 Td (I.) Tj 9 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw (Background) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz -96.492 -26 Td .77 Tw (On April 15, 1994, Joseph Parra \() Tj (Parra) Tj (\) applied for Dis-) Tj -12 -13.1 Td 4.45 Tw (ability and Supplemental Security Income benefits under) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 0 Tw (Titles II and XVI of the Social Security Act. Parra alleged dis-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.03 Tw (ability since November 1, 1992 due to alcoholism and bursi-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 5.47 Tw (tis. Following a hearing, an Administrative Law Judge) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 4.57 Tw (\(ALJ\) denied Parra's application. The ALJ found that) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .71 Tw (Parra's testimony regarding his physical ailments was neither) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 4.03 Tw (credible nor medically supported. He also found that 42) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.78 Tw (U.S.C. ) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 2.78 Tw (423\(d\)\(2\)\(C\) barred Parra from receiving benefits) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .62 Tw (because Parra's alcoholism was a material contributing factor) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.14 Tw (to his disability. Parra appealed this decision to the district) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.4 Tw (court, which remanded the case to the ALJ under 42 U.S.C.) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.14 Tw () Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.14 Tw (405\(g\) with instructions to consider a medical examination) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.2 Tw (performed upon Parra following the ALJ's decision. ) Tj 12 -26 Td 1.21 Tw (Parra died on September 8, 2000 from cardiovascular col-) Tj -12 -13.1 Td 2.54 Tw (lapse, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatocellular carcinoma, and) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.04 Tw (liver cirrhosis. Parra's daughter, Cathleen, was substituted as) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 434 -136.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (3437) Tj -166.1895 0 Td (P) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ARRA) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (STRUE) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 156 -140.25 m 456 -140.25 l s Q endstream endobj 16 0 obj 3303 endobj 14 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 10 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F1 6 0 R /F2 7 0 R /F4 9 0 R >> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 15 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 4 4 18 0 obj << /Length 19 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8.4 Td .06 Tw 0 Tc (plaintiff and testified at a hearing the following month. Subse-) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 1.41 Tw (quently, the ALJ issued a decision finding that Parra's alco-) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 2.75 Tw (holism was a material contributing factor to any disability) Tj 0 -13.2 Td .33 Tw (incurred before July 1, 1999. Because Parra's disability insur-) Tj 0 -13.2 Td .85 Tw (ance coverage lapsed on December 31, 1995, he was entitled) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 2.96 Tw (to no relief.) Tj 4.9 Ts /F5 6 Tf 100 Tz (1) Tj 0 Ts /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz ( Cathleen again sought review by the district) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 4.7 Tw (court, and the parties stipulated to a second 42 U.S.C.) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 1.53 Tw () Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.53 Tw (405\(g\) remand to reconsider her testimony and the weight) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 1.2 Tw (it should be given. ) Tj 12 -26.2 Td .4 Tw (A third hearing was held before a different ALJ on January) Tj -12 -13.2 Td 2.62 Tw (3, 2003. At the hearing, Cathleen testified that, during his) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 1.48 Tw (insured period, her father experienced pain in his hands and) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 1.57 Tw (knees and also suffered from hearing difficulties, confusion,) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 1.27 Tw (and paranoia. She also testified that he drank to the point of) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 1.66 Tw (intoxication ) Tj (occasionally) Tj ( and that his alcohol use was not) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 1.05 Tw (excessive,) Tj ( although when pressed for details she explained) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 3.92 Tw (that he often consumed twenty-four beers in a three-day) Tj 0 -13.2 Td .88 Tw (period and became intoxicated at least weekly. The ALJ also) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 3.28 Tw (heard testimony from Dr. Jerome Marmorstein, a medical) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 2.42 Tw (expert who reviewed Parra's medical history. Dr. Marmor-) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 3.57 Tw (stein testified that Parra's medical records showed severe) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 5.04 Tw (complications due to cirrhosis from July 1999 forward,) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 2 Tw (although the disease had undoubtedly ) Tj (come on over many) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 1.92 Tw (years and could have been ) Tj (moderately well advanced) Tj ( or) Tj 0 -13.2 Td .85 Tw (moderately severe) Tj ( before Parra's insurance lapsed in 1995.) Tj 0 -13.2 Td .22 Tw (Following Dr. Marmorstein's testimony, the ALJ stated orally) Tj 0 -13.2 Td .18 Tw (that the evidence clearly indicated that Parra was disabled due) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 1.78 Tw (to alcohol-induced cirrhosis by 1995, and that the operative) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 1.41 Tw (question was whether the disease would have resolved itself) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 1.2 Tw (had he quit drinking before his insurance lapsed. ) Tj 12 -26.2 Td 2.53 Tw (The ALJ issued his final decision on April 4, 2003. He) Tj -12 -13.2 Td 1.67 Tw (rejected Parra's bursitis claim because the medical evidence) Tj /F2 10 Tf 100 Tz 10 -26 Td 4.1 Ts /F5 6 Tf 100 Tz 1.29 Tw (1) Tj 0 Ts /F2 10 Tf 100 Tz (The ALJ found Parra disabled from July 1, 1999 until his death, but) Tj -10 -11.2 Td .75 Tw (because he died without a surviving spouse, the ALJ dismissed the claim) Tj 0 -11.2 Td 1 Tw (for SSI benefits. ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 100 Tz (See ) Tj /F2 10 Tf 100 Tz (20 C.F.R. ) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1 Tw (416.1457\(c\)\(4\), 416.542\(b\). ) Tj ET Q q 1 0 0 1 156 643.5 cm 0 G .5 w 0 -455.35 m 300 -455.35 l s Q q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 156 -136.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (3438) Tj 111.8105 0 Td (P) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ARRA) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (STRUE) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 156 -140.25 m 456 -140.25 l s Q endstream endobj 19 0 obj 3775 endobj 17 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 10 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F1 6 0 R /F2 7 0 R /F4 9 0 R /F5 20 0 R >> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 18 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 5 5 22 0 obj << /Length 23 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8.4 Td 1 Tw 0 Tc (failed to show a severe physical impairment prior to Decem-) Tj 0 -13 Td 1.1 Tw (ber 31, 1995. Turning to the substance abuse claim, the ALJ) Tj 0 -13 Td .47 Tw (found that ) Tj (by the summer of 1994 the claimant was disabled) Tj 0 -13 Td .22 Tw (primarily due to heavy alcohol consumption and intoxication) Tj () Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.37 Tw (and also had ) Tj (moderately severe but curable cirrhosis of the) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.2 Tw (liver.) Tj ( But he further found that prior to July 1999, it was) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.25 Tw (likely that Parra would have recovered had he quit drinking.) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 3.1 Tw (Therefore Parra's cirrhosis was irreversible only after that) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .83 Tw (date. The ALJ also explicitly ruled that the claimant bore the) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.06 Tw (burden of proving that his alcoholism was not a contributing) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.45 Tw (factor material to his disability. Because his disability likely) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.91 Tw (would have resolved had Parra ceased using alcohol during) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .44 Tw (his insured period, the ALJ found him ineligible for disability) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.67 Tw (benefits under 42 U.S.C. ) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 2.67 Tw (423\(d\)\(2\)\(C\). The district court) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.2 Tw (affirmed this ruling. ) Tj /F1 12 Tf 100 Tz 83.634 -26 Td (II.) Tj 9 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw (Standards of Review) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz -71.634 -26 Td 3.44 Tw (We review de novo a district court's affirmance of an) Tj -12 -13.1 Td 2.06 Tw (ALJ's decision. ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (Tackett v. Apfel) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 180 F.3d 1094, 1097 \(9th) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.4 Tw (Cir. 1999\). We may set aside the ALJ's denial of benefits) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .51 Tw (only ) Tj (when the ALJ's findings are based on legal error or are) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 3.81 Tw (not supported by substantial evidence in the record as a) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1 Tw (whole. ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (Id.) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz ( Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .54 Tw (a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a con-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.43 Tw (clusion. ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (Flaten v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs.) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 44 F.3d) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.33 Tw (1453, 1457 \(9th Cir. 1995\). Where the evidence can reason-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.53 Tw (ably support either affirming or reversing the decision, we) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 0 Tw (may not substitute our judgment for that of the Commissioner.) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 -13.1 Td 1.2 Tw (Id. ) Tj /F1 12 Tf 100 Tz 108.492 -26 Td (III.) Tj 9 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw (Discussion) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz -96.492 -26 Td 2 Tw (Cathleen Parra appeals the ALJ's 2003 decision on three) Tj -12 -13.1 Td .9 Tw (grounds. She alleges that \(1\) the ALJ erred by failing to per-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .21 Tw (form the full five-step analysis to determine Parra's disability,) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.4 Tw (\(2\) the ALJ erred in finding that alcoholism was material to) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 3.52 Tw (Parra's disability, and \(3\) the ALJ improperly discredited) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 434 -136.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (3439) Tj -166.1895 0 Td (P) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ARRA) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (STRUE) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 156 -140.25 m 456 -140.25 l s Q endstream endobj 23 0 obj 3527 endobj 21 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 10 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F1 6 0 R /F2 7 0 R /F4 9 0 R >> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 22 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 6 6 25 0 obj << /Length 26 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8.4 Td 3.9 Tw 0 Tc (Joseph and Cathleen Parra's testimony. We address each) Tj 0 -13 Td 1.2 Tw (claim in turn. ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 -26 Td (A.) Tj 9 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw (The Five-Step Analysis ) Tj /F1 12 Tf 100 Tz 12 -26 Td 3.33 Tw ([1]) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz ( A claimant is disabled under Title II of the Social) Tj -12 -13 Td 2.73 Tw (Security Act if he is unable ) Tj (to engage in any substantial) Tj 0 -13 Td 4.04 Tw (gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable) Tj 0 -13 Td 3.58 Tw (physical or mental impairment which can be expected to) Tj 0 -13 Td .59 Tw (result in death or . . . can be expected to last for a continuous) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .4 Tw (period of not less than 12 months.) Tj ( 42 U.S.C. ) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj .4 Tw (423\(d\)\(1\)\(A\).) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.46 Tw (To determine whether a claimant meets this definition, the) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.75 Tw (ALJ conducts a five-step sequential evaluation that asks \(1\)) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.61 Tw (whether the claimant is presently engaging in substantially) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .41 Tw (gainful activity; \(2\) whether the claimant has a severe impair-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .23 Tw (ment; \(3\) whether the impairment is listed, or equivalent to an) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 4.45 Tw (impairment listed, in Appendix I of the regulations; \(4\)) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .08 Tw (whether the impairment prevents the claimant from doing past) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.75 Tw (relevant work; and \(5\) whether the impairment prevents the) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 4.45 Tw (claimant from performing any other substantially gainful) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.71 Tw (activity. 20 C.F.R. ) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.71 Tw (404.1520\(a\)\(4\). The claimant bears the) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .73 Tw (burden of proving steps one through four, consistent with the) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .72 Tw (general rule that ) Tj ([a]t all times, the burden is on the claimant) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .75 Tw (to establish [his] entitlement to disability insurance benefits.) Tj () Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 -13.1 Td .39 Tw (Tidwell v. Apfel) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 161 F.3d 599, 601 \(9th Cir. 1998\). Once this) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .83 Tw (prima facie case is established, the burden shifts to the Com-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .75 Tw (missioner at the fifth step to show that the claimant may per-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.2 Tw (form other gainful activity. ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (See Tackett) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 180 F.3d at 1098. ) Tj /F1 12 Tf 100 Tz 12 -26 Td 3.08 Tw ([2]) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz ( ) Tj (A finding of `disabled' under the five-step inquiry) Tj -12 -13.1 Td .91 Tw (does not automatically qualify a claimant for disability bene-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.51 Tw (fits. ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (Bustamante v. Massanari) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 262 F.3d 949, 954 \(9th Cir.) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 3 Tw (2001\). Under 42 U.S.C. ) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 3 Tw (423\(d\)\(2\)\(C\), a claimant cannot) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.81 Tw (receive disability benefits ) Tj (if alcoholism or drug addiction) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.5 Tw (would . . . be a contributing factor material to the Commis-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.8 Tw (sioner's determination that the individual is disabled.) Tj ( Con-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .6 Tw (gress adopted this amendment in 1996 as part of the Contract) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .38 Tw (with America Advancement Act \() Tj (CAAA) Tj (\), Public Law 104-) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 156 -136.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (3440) Tj 111.8105 0 Td (P) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ARRA) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (STRUE) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 156 -140.25 m 456 -140.25 l s Q endstream endobj 26 0 obj 3773 endobj 24 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 10 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F1 6 0 R /F2 7 0 R /F4 9 0 R >> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 25 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 7 7 28 0 obj << /Length 29 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8.4 Td 2.7 Tw 0 Tc (121. As we have previously explained, the purpose of the) Tj 0 -13 Td .5 Tw (CAAA was ) Tj (to discourage alcohol and drug abuse, or at least) Tj 0 -13 Td 1.96 Tw (not to encourage it with a permanent government subsidy.) Tj () Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 -13 Td 1 Tw (Ball v. Massanari) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 254 F.3d 817, 824 \(9th Cir. 2001\). Under) Tj 0 -13 Td 1.78 Tw (the implementing regulations, the ALJ must conduct a drug) Tj 0 -13 Td 2.32 Tw (abuse and alcoholism analysis \() Tj (DAA Analysis) Tj (\) by deter-) Tj 0 -13 Td 2.22 Tw (mining which of the claimant's disabling limitations would) Tj 0 -13 Td 2.88 Tw (remain if the claimant stopped using drugs or alcohol. 20) Tj 0 -13 Td .8 Tw (C.F.R. ) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj .8 Tw (404.1535\(b\). If the remaining limitations would still) Tj 0 -13 Td .37 Tw (be disabling, then the claimant's drug addiction or alcoholism) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.16 Tw (is not a contributing factor material to his disability. If the) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .78 Tw (remaining limitations would not be disabling, then the claim-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .36 Tw (ant's substance abuse is material and benefits must be denied.) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 -13.1 Td 1.2 Tw (Id.) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz ( ) Tj 12 -26 Td 1.44 Tw (Appellant asserts that the ALJ erred by failing to conduct) Tj -12 -13.1 Td 1.66 Tw (the full five-step analysis to determine that Parra's cirrhosis) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.16 Tw (was disabling before conducting the DAA Analysis to deter-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .33 Tw (mine if Parra's alcoholism was material. ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (See Bustamante, ) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (262) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .88 Tw (F.3d at 955 \(holding ALJ must identify disability under five-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .34 Tw (step procedure before conducting DAA Analysis to determine) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .21 Tw (whether substance abuse was material to disability\). We agree) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.58 Tw (with appellant that the ALJ's findings regarding Parra's cir-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .84 Tw (rhosis are ambiguous. In his decision, the ALJ initially states) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1 Tw (that ) Tj (the claimant did not have a severe physical impairment) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.57 Tw (prior to the date last insured of December 31, 1995.) Tj ( Later,) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.9 Tw (however, the ALJ finds that ) Tj (by the summer of 1994 the) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.41 Tw (claimant was disabled primarily due to heavy alcohol con-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.47 Tw (sumption and intoxication) Tj ( and also had ) Tj (moderately severe) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .37 Tw (but curable cirrhosis of the liver.) Tj ( After engaging in the DAA) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.3 Tw (Analysis to examine the effects of Parra's alcoholism on his) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.07 Tw (cirrhosis, the ALJ concludes that ) Tj ([s]ince July 1, 1999, the) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.81 Tw (medical evidence establishes the claimant had hepatitis, cir-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.38 Tw (rhosis of the liver, hepatocellular carcinoma and alcoholism.) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.63 Tw (He did not have an impairment or combination of impair-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.33 Tw (ments listed in or medically equal to one listed in Appendix) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.35 Tw (1, Subpart P, Regulations No. 4. Prior to July 1, 1999 the) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.2 Tw (claimant's primary impairment was alcoholism.) Tj ( ) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 434 -136.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (3441) Tj -166.1895 0 Td (P) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ARRA) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (STRUE) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 156 -140.25 m 456 -140.25 l s Q endstream endobj 29 0 obj 3763 endobj 27 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 30 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F1 6 0 R /F2 7 0 R /F4 9 0 R >> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 28 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 8 8 32 0 obj << /Length 33 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm /F1 12 Tf 100 Tz 12 -8.4 Td 1.71 Tw 0 Tc ([3]) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz ( Nonetheless, while the ALJ's five-step analysis is not) Tj -12 -13.4 Td .6 Tw (completely clear, we find any error in this regard to be harm-) Tj 0 -13.4 Td 2.46 Tw (less. ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (See Curry v. Sullivan) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 925 F.2d 1127, 1131 \(9th Cir.) Tj 0 -13.4 Td 1.88 Tw (1990\) \(finding ALJ error harmless because it did not affect) Tj 0 -13.4 Td 2.7 Tw (the result\). Although the decision does not explicitly label) Tj 0 -13.4 Td 1.03 Tw (Parra's cirrhosis as disabling, the ALJ gave Parra the benefit) Tj 0 -13.4 Td .03 Tw (of the doubt: the DAA Analysis assumed that Parra's cirrhosis) Tj 0 -13.4 Td .81 Tw (was disabling and focused correctly upon whether abstinence) Tj 0 -13.4 Td .87 Tw (would have cured this disability before his insurance lapsed.) Tj 4.9 Ts /F5 6 Tf 100 Tz (2) Tj 0 Ts /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 -13.4 Td 0 Tw (Because the DAA Analysis assumed Parra's cirrhosis was dis-) Tj 0 -13.4 Td 1.7 Tw (abling, any error in arriving at that initial conclusion would) Tj 0 -13.4 Td .66 Tw (not affect the ALJ's ultimate decision that Parra's alcoholism) Tj 0 -13.4 Td 2.15 Tw (was material to his cirrhosis. We therefore reject this prof-) Tj 0 -13.4 Td 1.2 Tw (fered ground for reversal. ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 -26.6 Td (B.) Tj 9 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw (The DAA Analysis ) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz ( ) Tj 12 -26.5 Td 1.58 Tw (Appellant next argues that the ALJ erred in finding Parra) Tj -12 -13.4 Td .33 Tw (ineligible for benefits because his alcoholism was a contribut-) Tj 0 -13.4 Td 6.7 Tw (ing factor material to his disability under 42 U.S.C.) Tj 0 -13.4 Td .9 Tw () Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj .9 Tw (423\(d\)\(2\)\(C\). Once medical evidence of Parra's alcoholism) Tj 0 -13.4 Td .64 Tw (surfaced, the ALJ placed the burden of proof upon the claim-) Tj 0 -13.4 Td .47 Tw (ant to establish that Parra's alcoholism was not a contributing) Tj 0 -13.4 Td 2 Tw (factor material to his disability, by showing he would have) Tj 0 -13.4 Td .12 Tw (remained disabled had he stopped drinking in 1995. Appellant) Tj 0 -13.3 Td .3 Tw (asserts that this holding was erroneous. Once a claimant satis-) Tj 0 -13.3 Td 4.04 Tw (fies the five-step analysis, she argues, the Commissioner) Tj 0 -13.3 Td 2.85 Tw (should bear the burden of proving that benefits should be) Tj 0 -13.3 Td 0 Tw (denied. Appellant analogizes to cases involving termination of) Tj 0 -13.3 Td .87 Tw (benefits, wherein the Commissioner must prove that a claim-) Tj 0 -13.3 Td .32 Tw (ant previously adjudged disabled has recovered sufficiently to) Tj /F2 10 Tf 100 Tz 10 -26.2 Td 4.1 Ts /F5 6 Tf 100 Tz 1.56 Tw (2) Tj 0 Ts /F2 10 Tf 100 Tz (The finding that Parra had no ) Tj (severe physical impairment) Tj ( prior to) Tj -10 -11.3 Td 1.06 Tw (December 31, 1995 appears in the section of the decision addressing his) Tj 0 -11.3 Td 1.13 Tw (bursitis claim, before the ALJ discusses the effects of his alcoholism. In) Tj 0 -11.3 Td 1.53 Tw (context, this statement is better understood as merely a recognition that) Tj 0 -11.3 Td .75 Tw (Parra's non-alcohol-related impairments did not constitute a disabilitya) Tj 0 -11.3 Td .86 Tw (finding supported by the record and seemingly not challenged on appeal.) Tj ET Q q 1 0 0 1 156 643.5 cm 0 G .5 w 0 -421.15 m 300 -421.15 l s Q q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 156 -136.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (3442) Tj 111.8105 0 Td (P) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ARRA) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (STRUE) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 156 -140.25 m 456 -140.25 l s Q endstream endobj 33 0 obj 3848 endobj 31 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 30 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F1 6 0 R /F2 7 0 R /F4 9 0 R /F5 20 0 R >> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 32 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 9 9 35 0 obj << /Length 36 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8.4 Td .09 Tw 0 Tc (return to work. ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (See, e.g.) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (Bellamy v. Sec'y of Health & Human) Tj 0 -13 Td 1.2 Tw (Servs.) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 755 F.2d 1380, 1381 \(9th Cir. 1985\). ) Tj /F1 12 Tf 100 Tz 12 -26 Td .47 Tw ([4]) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz ( Our prior opinions have explicitly left open the issue of) Tj -12 -13 Td 4.22 Tw (which party bears the burden of proof under 42 U.S.C.) Tj 0 -13 Td 2.08 Tw () Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 2.08 Tw (423\(d\)\(2\)\(C\). We placed the burden upon the claimant in) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 -13 Td 3.62 Tw (Ball) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, ) Tj (254 F.3d at 821, although a later opinion correctly) Tj 0 -13 Td .58 Tw (described this language as dicta. ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (See Bustamante) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 262 F.3d at) Tj 0 -13 Td .02 Tw (955 n.1. We note that each circuit to have considered the issue) Tj 0 -13 Td 1.55 Tw (has placed the burden squarely upon the claimant. ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (See, e.g.,) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .56 Tw (Doughty v. Apfel) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 245 F.3d 1274, 1276 \(11th Cir. 2001\); ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (Mit-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .69 Tw (tlestedt v. Apfel) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 204 F.3d 847, 852 \(8th Cir. 2000\); ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (Brown v.) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.27 Tw (Apfel) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 192 F.3d 492, 498 \(5th Cir. 1999\). Our own case law) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.92 Tw (has suggested the same. ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (See Sousa v. Callahan) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 143 F.3d) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .77 Tw (1240, 1245 \(9th Cir. 1998\) \(remanding to allow claimant ) Tj (an) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .91 Tw (opportunity to present evidence as to whether claimant's dis-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.11 Tw (ability would have continued if she stopped using drugs or) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.12 Tw (alcohol\). This approach is consistent with the general rule) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .96 Tw (that ) Tj ([a]t all times, the burden is on the claimant to establish) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 3.43 Tw ([his] entitlement to disability insurance benefits.) Tj ( ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (Tidwell) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (,) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .97 Tw (161 F.3d at 601. Moreover, placing the burden on the claim-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.13 Tw (ant is practical because the claimant ) Tj (is the party best suited) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.63 Tw (to demonstrate whether [he] would still be disabled in the) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.36 Tw (absence of drug or alcohol addiction.) Tj ( ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (Brown) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 192 F.3d at) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.2 Tw (498. ) Tj /F1 12 Tf 100 Tz 12 -26 Td .81 Tw ([5]) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz ( Appellant's reliance on cases involving the termination) Tj -12 -13.1 Td 1.52 Tw (of benefits is misplaced. As ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (Bellamy) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz ( makes clear, the Com-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .16 Tw (missioner's burden in termination cases stems from the notion) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.75 Tw (that ) Tj () Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz ([o]nce a claimant has been found to be disabled ) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz ([) Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.75 Tw (] a) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.94 Tw (presumption of continuing disability arises in [his] favor.) Tj () Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 -13.1 Td .88 Tw (Bellamy) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 755 F.2d at 1381 \(emphasis added\). But the CAAA) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .33 Tw (amended the definition of ) Tj (disability) Tj ( under the Social Secur-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.23 Tw (ity Act, such that an individual ) Tj (shall not be considered dis-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.5 Tw (abled if drug or alcohol use is material to his disability. In) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 3.03 Tw (other words, the presumption driving ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (Bellamy) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz ( has not yet) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.08 Tw (attached when the DAA Analysis is performed because the) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .58 Tw (agency has yet to determine whether the claimant is disabled.) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 434 -136.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (3443) Tj -166.1895 0 Td (P) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ARRA) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (STRUE) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 156 -140.25 m 456 -140.25 l s Q endstream endobj 36 0 obj 4359 endobj 34 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 30 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F1 6 0 R /F2 7 0 R /F4 9 0 R >> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 35 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 10 10 38 0 obj << /Length 39 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8.4 Td 3.26 Tw 0 Tc (Unquestionably, proving disability is [claimant's] burden,) Tj 0 -13 Td 2.25 Tw (and any amendment to the definition of disability logically) Tj 0 -13 Td .9 Tw (impacts [his] burden.) Tj ( ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (Brown) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 192 F.3d at 498; ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (see also Bel-) Tj 0 -13 Td 1.91 Tw (lamy) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 755 F.2d at 1381 \() Tj (Social Security disability benefits) Tj 0 -13 Td (claimants have the burden of proving disability.) Tj (\). We thus) Tj 0 -13 Td .1 Tw (make explicit what was intimated by our earlier cases, that the) Tj 0 -13 Td 2.85 Tw (claimant bears the burden of proving that drug or alcohol) Tj 0 -13 Td .28 Tw (addiction is not a contributing factor material to his disability.) Tj /F1 12 Tf 100 Tz 12 -25.8 Td .82 Tw ([6]) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz ( Appellant failed to carry this burden. The record offers) Tj -12 -13 Td .33 Tw (no evidence supporting the notion that the disabling effects of) Tj 0 -13 Td 1 Tw (Parra's cirrhosis would have remained had he stopped drink-) Tj 0 -13 Td .53 Tw (ing before December 31, 1995. Dr. Marmorstein testified that) Tj 0 -13 Td .5 Tw (cirrhosis, caused by alcohol abuse, is generally reversible and) Tj 0 -13 Td .7 Tw (that the medical records support a finding that Parra's cirrho-) Tj 0 -13 Td 1.11 Tw (sis was irreversible only after July 1, 1999. Dr. Marmorstein) Tj 0 -13 Td .67 Tw (explained that he had no reason to believe that Parra's condi-) Tj 0 -13 Td 3.22 Tw (tion would not have improved had Parra quit drinking in) Tj 0 -13 Td 1 Tw (1995. When pressed by Parra's counsel, he reiterated several) Tj 0 -13 Td (times that ) Tj (there is no way for me to know) Tj ( whether Parra's) Tj 0 -13 Td .85 Tw (cirrhosis was irreversible in 1994 or 1995 because the record) Tj 0 -13 Td 1.2 Tw (was insufficient to support a conclusion either way.) Tj 4.9 Ts /F5 6 Tf 100 Tz .5 Tw (3) Tj 0 Ts /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz 1.2 Tw ( ) Tj 12 -25.8 Td 3.5 Tw (Appellant argues that Dr. Marmorstein's testimony was) Tj -12 -13 Td .86 Tw (inconclusive on this point, and that inconclusive testimony is) Tj 0 -13 Td 1.22 Tw (sufficient to satisfy the claimant's burden of proof under the) Tj /F2 10 Tf 100 Tz 10 -25.8 Td 4.1 Ts /F5 6 Tf 100 Tz .5 Tw (3) Tj 0 Ts /F2 10 Tf 100 Tz (The ALJ also cited the 1994 report of psychologist Dr. Nancy McCar-) Tj -10 -11.1 Td 0 Tw (thy. Dr. McCarthy documented many of the mental impairments later cited) Tj 0 -11.1 Td 1.53 Tw (by Parra and his daughter at the disability hearings. Without discussing) Tj 0 -11.1 Td .9 Tw (Parra's liver damage, Dr. McCarthy wrote that these mental impairments) Tj 0 -11.1 Td 1.26 Tw (were likely caused by excessive alcohol consumption and intimated that) Tj 0 -11.1 Td 2.47 Tw (they would resolve if Parra stopped drinking. As appellant notes, Dr.) Tj 0 -11.1 Td 3.73 Tw (McCarthy's report does not state that Parra's ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 100 Tz (cirrhosis ) Tj /F2 10 Tf 100 Tz (would have) Tj 0 -11.1 Td 1.97 Tw (resolved with abstinence. But it does constitute substantial evidence to) Tj 0 -11.1 Td .16 Tw (support a finding that his ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 100 Tz (disabling mental limitations) Tj /F2 10 Tf 100 Tz (, which Dr. Marmor-) Tj 0 -11.1 Td 1.75 Tw (stein testified ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 100 Tz (may ) Tj /F2 10 Tf 100 Tz (have been caused by cirrhosis, would have resolved) Tj 0 -11.1 Td 1.92 Tw (with abstinence. ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 100 Tz (See Tackett, ) Tj /F2 10 Tf 100 Tz (180 F.3d at 1097 \(court reviews whether) Tj 0 -11.1 Td .45 Tw (ALJ's conclusions are ) Tj (supported by substantial evidence in the record ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 100 Tz (as) Tj 0 -11.1 Td 1 Tw (a whole) Tj /F2 10 Tf 100 Tz ( \(emphasis added\)\). ) Tj ET Q q 1 0 0 1 156 643.5 cm 0 G .5 w 0 -344.65 m 300 -344.65 l s Q q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 156 -136.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (3444) Tj 111.8105 0 Td (P) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ARRA) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (STRUE) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 156 -140.25 m 456 -140.25 l s Q endstream endobj 39 0 obj 4330 endobj 37 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 30 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F1 6 0 R /F2 7 0 R /F4 9 0 R /F5 20 0 R >> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 38 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 11 11 41 0 obj << /Length 42 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8.4 Td 2.4 Tw 0 Tc (statute. To support this claim, she relies upon two internal) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 4.8 Tw (agency documents, HALLEX I-5-3-14A) Tj 4.9 Ts /F5 6 Tf 100 Tz (4) Tj 0 Ts /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz ( and Emergency) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.38 Tw (Teletype No. EM-96-94.) Tj 4.9 Ts /F5 6 Tf 100 Tz (5) Tj 0 Ts /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz ( These documents, she argues, pre-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.83 Tw (clude a finding of materiality unless the medical evidence) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.75 Tw (affirmatively shows that a disability will resolve with absti-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.83 Tw (nence. We reject this argument, which effectively shifts the) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.61 Tw (burden to the Commissioner to prove materiality. Assuming) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.57 Tw (without deciding that the HALLEX and Teletype provisions) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 3.28 Tw (apply to this situation, we have previously explained that) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 3 Tw (internal agency documents such as these do not carry the) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.4 Tw (force of law and are not binding upon the agency. ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (See, e.g.) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (,) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 -13.1 Td 3.03 Tw (Lowry v. Barnhart) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 329 F.3d 1019, 1023 \(9th Cir. 2003\);) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 -13.1 Td .6 Tw (Moore v. Apfel) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 216 F.3d 864, 868-69 \(9th Cir. 2000\). There-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.07 Tw (fore, they do not create judicially enforceable duties, and we) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .16 Tw (will not review allegations of noncompliance with their provi-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.2 Tw (sions. ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (See Moore) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 216 F.3d at 869. ) Tj 12 -26 Td 1.37 Tw (At most, these sources may represent the agency's unpro-) Tj -12 -13.1 Td 2.11 Tw (mulgated interpretation of the statute's phrase ) Tj (contributing) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.46 Tw (factor material to the determination of disability.) Tj ( Such an) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .7 Tw (interpretation is ) Tj () Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj .7 Tw (`entitled to respect') Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj .7 Tw ( but only to the extent) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.14 Tw (that it has the ) Tj () Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.14 Tw (`power to persuade.') Tj 0 Tw ( ) Tj 1.14 Tw ( ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (Christensen v. Harris) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .73 Tw (County) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 529 U.S. 576, 587 \(2000\) \(quoting ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (Skidmore v. Swift) Tj /F2 10 Tf 100 Tz 10 -25.8 Td 4.1 Ts /F5 6 Tf 100 Tz 2.34 Tw (4) Tj 0 Ts /F2 10 Tf 100 Tz (HALLEX is the Hearing, Appeals, and Litigation Law Manual, an) Tj -10 -11.1 Td .86 Tw (internal agency guidebook. HALLEX I-5-3-14A states that a finding that) Tj 0 -11.1 Td 1.83 Tw (DAA is material is appropriate ) Tj (only when . . . there is sufficient and) Tj 0 -11.1 Td .57 Tw (appropriate medical evidence to establish . . . the individual would not be) Tj 0 -11.1 Td 1.25 Tw (considered to be disabled if he/she stopped using drugs and/or alcohol.) Tj () Tj 10 -14 Td 4.1 Ts /F5 6 Tf 100 Tz .88 Tw (5) Tj 0 Ts /F2 10 Tf 100 Tz (On August 30, 1996, the SSA's Office of Disability sent this teletype) Tj -10 -11.1 Td .1 Tw (to all hearing offices, responding to initial questions posed by the adoption) Tj 0 -11.1 Td .3 Tw (of the CAAA. The relevant portion of the teletype explains that ) Tj (a finding) Tj 0 -11.1 Td .14 Tw (that DAA is material will be made only when the evidence establishes that) Tj 0 -11.1 Td 3.22 Tw (the individual would not be disabled if he/she stopped using drugs/) Tj 0 -11.1 Td .24 Tw (alcohol. Therefore in ) Tj (cases in which the evidence demonstrates multiple) Tj 0 -11.1 Td 3.33 Tw (impairments, especially cases involving multiple mental impairments,) Tj 0 -11.2 Td 2 Tw (where the MC/PC cannot project what limitations would remain if the) Tj 0 -11.2 Td .93 Tw (individuals stopped using drugs/alcohol,) Tj ( the MC/PC ) Tj (should record his/) Tj 0 -11.2 Td .83 Tw (her findings to that effect) Tj ( and ) Tj (the DE will find that DAA is not a con-) Tj 0 -11.2 Td 1 Tw (tributing material factor to the determination of disability.) Tj ( ) Tj ET Q q 1 0 0 1 156 643.5 cm 0 G .5 w 0 -308.05 m 300 -308.05 l s Q q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 434 -136.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (3445) Tj -166.1895 0 Td (P) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ARRA) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (STRUE) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 156 -140.25 m 456 -140.25 l s Q endstream endobj 42 0 obj 4639 endobj 40 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 30 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F1 6 0 R /F2 7 0 R /F4 9 0 R /F5 20 0 R >> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 41 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 12 12 44 0 obj << /Length 45 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8.4 Td .58 Tw 0 Tc (& Co.) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 323 U.S. 134, 140 \(1944\)\). In this case, such an inter-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .33 Tw (pretation is unpersuasive because it contradicts the purpose of) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 3.32 Tw (the statute. As noted above, Congress sought through the) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .83 Tw (CAAA ) Tj (to discourage alcohol and drug abuse, or at least not) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1 Tw (to encourage it with a permanent government subsidy.) Tj ( ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (Ball) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (,) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 3.57 Tw (254 F.3d at 824.) Tj 4.9 Ts /F5 6 Tf 100 Tz (6) Tj 0 Ts /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz ( Appellant's proposed rule provides the) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .1 Tw (opposite incentive. An alcoholic claimant who presents incon-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .41 Tw (clusive evidence of materiality has no incentive to stop drink-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.04 Tw (ing, because abstinence may resolve his disabling limitations) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.03 Tw (and cause his claim to be rejected or his benefits terminated.) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .93 Tw (His claim would be guaranteed only as long as his substance) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.66 Tw (abuse continuesa scheme that effectively subsidizes sub-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.2 Tw (stance abuse in contravention of the statute's purpose.) Tj 4.9 Ts /F5 6 Tf 100 Tz .5 Tw (7) Tj 0 Ts /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz 1.2 Tw ( ) Tj /F1 12 Tf 100 Tz 12 -26.1 Td 1.33 Tw ([7]) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz ( In sum, we find that Parra bore the burden of proving) Tj -12 -13.1 Td 1.51 Tw (that his alcoholism was not a contributing factor material to) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.33 Tw (his cirrhosis-related disability. Dr. Marmorstein testified that) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 1.85 Tw (abstinence generally ameliorates the effects of cirrhosis and) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 1.87 Tw (that the record fails to show that Parra's cirrhosis was irre-) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 2.18 Tw (versible when his disability insurance lapsed. Therefore we) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 2.07 Tw (conclude that the ALJ's denial of benefits under 42 U.S.C.) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 0 Tw () Tj ( ) Tj (423\(d\)\(2\)\(C\) was supported by substantial evidence and free) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 1.2 Tw (of material error. ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 -26.1 Td (C.) Tj 9 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw (Credibility Determinations ) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz 12 -26.1 Td .88 Tw (Finally, appellant asserts that the ALJ erred in finding that) Tj -12 -13.2 Td 2.71 Tw (the testimony of Parra and his daughter lacked credibility.) Tj /F2 10 Tf 100 Tz 10 -25.9 Td 4.1 Ts /F5 6 Tf 100 Tz 2.17 Tw (6) Tj 0 Ts /F4 10 Tf 100 Tz (See also ) Tj /F2 10 Tf 100 Tz (H.R. Rep. No. 104-379, at 17 \(1995\) \(explaining that the) Tj -10 -11.2 Td .42 Tw (amendment eliminates ) Tj (a perverse incentive that affronts working taxpay-) Tj 0 -11.2 Td 0 Tw (ers and fails to serve the interests of addicts and alcoholics, many of whom) Tj 0 -11.2 Td 1.36 Tw (use their disability checks to purchase drugs and alcohol, thereby main-) Tj 0 -11.2 Td 1 Tw (taining their addictions) Tj (\). ) Tj 10 -14 Td 4.1 Ts /F5 6 Tf 100 Tz 2.28 Tw (7) Tj 0 Ts /F2 10 Tf 100 Tz (The teletype elsewhere explains that a period of abstinence of one) Tj -10 -11.2 Td 1.34 Tw (month or more is useful to test whether a claimant's substance abuse is) Tj 0 -11.2 Td .88 Tw (material to his disability. Under appellant's interpretation of the teletype,) Tj 0 -11.2 Td 2.17 Tw (the claimant has no incentive to undergo this period of abstinence, as) Tj 0 -11.2 Td 1 Tw (doing so would only jeopardize his claim. ) Tj ET Q q 1 0 0 1 156 643.5 cm 0 G .5 w 0 -374.15 m 300 -374.15 l s Q q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 156 -136.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (3446) Tj 111.8105 0 Td (P) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ARRA) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (STRUE) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 156 -140.25 m 456 -140.25 l s Q endstream endobj 45 0 obj 4030 endobj 43 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 30 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F1 6 0 R /F2 7 0 R /F4 9 0 R /F5 20 0 R >> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 44 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 13 13 47 0 obj << /Length 48 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz 0 -8.4 Td .28 Tw 0 Tc (Generally, ) Tj (questions of credibility and resolution of conflicts) Tj 0 -13 Td .81 Tw (in the testimony are functions solely) Tj ( for the agency. ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (Sample) Tj 0 -13 Td .23 Tw (v. Schweiker) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 694 F.2d 639, 642 \(9th Cir. 1982\) \(internal quo-) Tj 0 -13 Td .66 Tw (tation marks omitted\). The ALJ must provide ) Tj (clear and con-) Tj 0 -13 Td 1.61 Tw (vincing reasons to reject a claimant's subjective testimony,) Tj 0 -13 Td .07 Tw (by specifically identifying ) Tj (what testimony is not credible and) Tj 0 -13 Td .71 Tw (what evidence undermines the claimant's complaints.) Tj ( ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (Lester) Tj 0 -13 Td 1.9 Tw (v. Chater) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 81 F.3d 821, 834 \(9th Cir. 1995\). The ALJ may) Tj 0 -13 Td .55 Tw (reject a third party's testimony upon giving a reason germane) Tj 0 -13 Td 1.11 Tw (to that witness. ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (Crane v. Shalala) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 76 F.3d 251, 254 \(9th Cir.) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.2 Tw (1996\). ) Tj /F1 12 Tf 100 Tz 12 -26 Td 2.62 Tw ([8]) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz ( Contrary to appellant's contentions, the ALJ did not) Tj -12 -13.1 Td 1.77 Tw (find that Parra lacked credibility. The ALJ found that Parra) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.5 Tw (was ) Tj (generally credible with respect to his condition since) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.67 Tw (July 1999) Tj ( and stated more generally that he ) Tj (concur[red]) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.06 Tw (with the finding of the prior Administrative Law Judge) Tj ( that) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.75 Tw (prior to July 1999 Parra's primary impairment was alcohol-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.13 Tw (ism, but that he was disabled from July 1999 onward. The) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .9 Tw (ALJ discounted some of Parra's subjective testimony regard-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.44 Tw (ing his bursitis pain. But to the extent that this constitutes a) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.78 Tw (rejection of Parra's testimony, the ALJ provides clear and) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .52 Tw (convincing reasons for doing so. The decision pointed to spe-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 3.81 Tw (cific evidence in the record, including numerous medical) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 3.32 Tw (reports, establishing that Parra's ailments were not severe) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 6.33 Tw (impairments. For example, his subjective complaint of) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .71 Tw (bursitis-related knee pain was contradicted by numerous Vet-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.66 Tw (erans Administration laboratory tests showing knee function) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 3.42 Tw (within normal limits during Parra's insured period. These) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 2.06 Tw (inconsistencies constitute significant and substantial reasons) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.96 Tw (to find Parra's testimony less than completely credible. ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (See) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.76 Tw (Morgan v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec. Admin.) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 169 F.3d 595, 600) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .8 Tw (\(9th Cir. 1999\). The ALJ also noted that Parra's physical ail-) Tj 0 -13.1 Td .67 Tw (ments were treated with an over-the-counter pain medication.) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.2 Tw (We have previously indicated that evidence of ) Tj (conservative) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 3.18 Tw (treatment) Tj ( is sufficient to discount a claimant's testimony) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.53 Tw (regarding severity of an impairment. ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (Johnson v. Shalala) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 60) Tj 0 -13.1 Td 1.1 Tw (F.3d 1428, 1434 \(9th Cir. 1995\). We therefore find no error.) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 434 -136.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (3447) Tj -166.1895 0 Td (P) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ARRA) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. A) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (STRUE) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts ET Q q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 G .5 w 156 -140.25 m 456 -140.25 l s Q endstream endobj 48 0 obj 3908 endobj 46 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 49 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F1 6 0 R /F2 7 0 R /F4 9 0 R >> /ProcSet 1 0 R >> /Contents 47 0 R >> endobj %%Page: 14 14 51 0 obj << /Length 52 0 R >> stream q BT 0 Tr 0 g 1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm /F1 12 Tf 100 Tz 12 -8.4 Td .05 Tw 0 Tc ([9]) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz ( Similarly, the ALJ did not err in his assessment of Cath-) Tj -12 -13.2 Td 2.18 Tw (leen's testimony. The ALJ found Cathleen's testimony was) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 1.75 Tw (colored by bias) Tj ( because she repeatedly attempted to ) Tj (dis-) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 1.52 Tw (count the alcoholism of the claimant) Tj ( despite her own testi-) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 2.5 Tw (mony as to the frequency and effects of his drinking. The) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 1.33 Tw (incongruity between Cathleen's objective descriptions of her) Tj 0 -13.2 Td .71 Tw (father's drinking habits and her subjective characterization of) Tj 0 -13.2 Td .67 Tw (these habits as ) Tj (occasional) Tj ( and not ) Tj (excessive) Tj ( constitutes a) Tj 0 -13.2 Td .33 Tw (germane) Tj ( reason why her testimony was not completely per-) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 2.13 Tw (suasive. ) Tj /F4 12 Tf 100 Tz (See Dodrill v. Shalala) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz (, 12 F.3d 915, 919 \(9th Cir.) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 2.18 Tw (1993\). Moreover, we note that the ALJ did not completely) Tj 0 -13.2 Td .37 Tw (discredit Cathleen's testimony. He cited her testimony to sup-) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 2.18 Tw (port his finding that Parra was disabled from 1994 onward) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 1.33 Tw (due to the effects of his alcoholism. Therefore, we hold that) Tj 0 -13.2 Td .1 Tw (the ALJ did not err in finding Cathleen only partially credible,) Tj 0 -13.2 Td 1.2 Tw (and weighing her testimony accordingly.) Tj /F1 12 Tf 100 Tz 107.16 -26.2 Td (IV.) Tj 9 Tw ( ) Tj 1.2 Tw (Conclusion) Tj /F2 12 Tf 100 Tz -95.16 -26.2 Td 1.91 Tw (We AFFIRM the district court's ruling that the Commis-) Tj -12 -13.2 Td 1.2 Tw (sioner did not err in denying Parra's claim. ) Tj 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 156 -136.5 Td 1.1 Tw 0 Tc (3448) Tj 111.8105 0 Td (P) Tj /F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz .79 Tw (ARRA) Tj /F2 11 Tf 100 Tz 0 Ts 1.1 Tw ( v. 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